He nui ka hana no ka hana ʻana i nā flanges kuʻekuʻe wāwae, a no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koina hana kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa preheating. ʻO ka deformation o nā mea maka a me ke kaʻina hana deformation e pili ana i ka mahana a me nā hiʻohiʻona mechanical o ka mīkini makemakika i ʻike ʻia he flange simulation computer. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia kaʻina hana deformation me ke kōkua o ka simulation kamepiula i kēlā me kēia manawa ke loaʻa ke kūlana o ke koʻikoʻi, ke kaumaha, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mahana. Hiki ke kākoʻo a hoʻomaikaʻi kekahi i kekahi. He mea paʻakikī ka hana ʻana i nā flanges welding butt, a koi pinepine ʻia ka preheating ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ʻana i nā flanges wili kī nui. ʻO ka flange simulation computer ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka deform o nā mea maka a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka wela a me nā waiwai mechanical o ke kumu hoʻohālike makemakika. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike kamepiula e hana i kēia kaʻina hana deformation i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokō ʻia nā kūlana o ke koʻikoʻi, ke koʻikoʻi, a me ka mahele wela. Hiki i ka hoʻohālikelike kaʻina hana kamepiula a me ka hoʻohālikelike kino ke pōmaikaʻi a hoʻokō kekahi i kekahi.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana flange paipu ʻEulopa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Soviet Union mua, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka German DIN, a ʻo ka ʻōnaehana pipe flange ʻAmelika e hōʻike ʻia e ka flange paipu ANSI ʻAmelika. ʻO kēia mau kūlana ʻelua ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua. He koho ʻē aʻe nā ʻūhā paipu JIS Iapana, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ko lākou mana honua no ka mea maʻamau e hoʻohana wale ʻia lākou no nā hana lehulehu ma nā wahi petrochemical. Eia ka ʻike maʻamau o nā flanges paipu i hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia lāhui:
1. ʻO Kelemānia a me ka Soviet Union mua nā lālā ʻelua o ka ʻōnaehana ʻEulopa.
2. ʻO ka ANSI B16.5 a me ANSI B 16.47 American system pipe flange standards
3. Aia nā kūlana flange casing kaʻawale no nā ʻāpana paipu paʻa o nā ʻāina ʻelua.
ʻO ka hopena, ʻo nā ʻōnaehana flange paipu ʻelua ʻokoʻa a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka pae honua holoʻokoʻa o nā flanges paipu penei: kahi ʻōnaehana paipu ʻEulopa, i hōʻike ʻia e Kelemania; a he ʻōnaehana flange paipu ʻAmelika, i hōʻike ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ua paʻi ka International Organization for Standardization i ka standard flange pipe i kapa ʻia ʻo IOS7005-1 i ka makahiki 1992. Hoʻohui kēia maʻamau i nā kūlana flange pipe mai Kelemānia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
1.NPS:DN15-DN3000, 1/2"-120"
2. Paʻi Paʻi: CL150-CL2500, PN2.5-PN420
3. Kūlana: EN, DIN, JIS, GOST, BS, GB
4.Material:
①Sila ʻole: 31254, 904/L, 347/H, 317/L, 310S, 309, 316Ti, 321/H, 304/L, 304H, 316/L, 316H
②DP Steel: UNS S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760
③Ke kila kila: N04400, N08800, N08810, N08811, N08825, N08020, N08031, N06600, N06625, N08926, N08031, N10276
